An injury to the hand, wrist, forearm, or elbow can be extremely debilitating. Due to the complexity of the upper extremity it is very important to receive treatment from an expert. Dr. Viola is a fully licensed, board certified, fellowship-trained hand surgeon with 15 years of experience in the setting of private practice of hand surgery, orthopedic trauma and sports medicine. In addition, Dr. Viola is an active member of the ASSH (American Society for Surgery of the Hand).

To learn more about the conditions and treatments related to the hand, wrist, forearm and elbow, please see below.

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Fingers are also called digits or phalanges. There are a total of fourteen phalangeal bones in each hand that move and support the fingers. Each of the four digits contains three phalanges: a proximal, middle and distal (far end) and the thumb contains two: a proximal and distal phalanx.

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The hand is a multi-fingered extremity at the end of the arm that plays an essential role of everyday functions. An individual hand is made up of 19 bones that are connected by a series of ligaments.

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The human wrist contains eight small carpal bones arranged in two rows of four bones each. This arrangement comprises the carpus which articulates with the two long bones of the wrist proximally, the radius and ulna, and the five metacarpals of the hand distally.

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The forearm contains two long parallel bones: the radius and ulna. The radius is on the thumb side and is slightly shorter, but it forms the majority of the wrist joint distally. The radius pivots around the ulna at the wrist distally and the radial head rotates at the elbow joint proximally, which allows for forearm rotation.

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The elbow is a complex hinge and pivot joint comprised of the humerus of the upper arm and ulna and radius bones in the lower forearm. A thin layer of articular cartilage covers the ends of these bones that form the elbow joint. A joint capsule surrounds these articulations and contains a slick synovial fluid that lubricates and protects the joint surfaces from friction, wear and tear.

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